WordPress is a Content Management System and blogging tool. A blog (web-log) is an online journal, diary or commentary, presented as a website. Generally, one or more contributors (bloggers) add new content to the top of the website on a semi-regular basis.
There are two basic ways in which you can start using WordPress:
The first option is the easiest. WordPress maintains their own website that provides free blogging accounts and currently up to 3GB storage space for your media files. To create yourself an account you simply need to visit the WordPress.com site and create it:
If you wish to have more control over how WordPress is configured you may wish to choose the second option - installing WordPress yourself. In this case you need to visit the download site:
http://wordpress.org/download/
This second option is not recommended unless you have experience installing and configuring software on a server. The only support for the second option is an official forums site, and there is no official support team or staff.
Also, for the second option, PHP must be enabled on your web server and mySQL is required.
A BLOG is a shortened version of the term "Web - Log". A "log" is something like a diary, and a "web - log" is a diary that is kept on the web. The first Blogs were very much like diaries, personal accounts of peoples lives. However in more recent times Blogs are used for a wide diversity of activities. Blogs are used by independent journalists for publishing, they are used by companies for reporting on internal activities, web businesses use them to inform their users what they are doing, or they are used as a kind of online magazine. There are many many other uses for Blogs.
The software behind Blogs is, unsurprisingly, known as "blogging software". Generally these softwares run on a server so contributors and readers can access the blog through a browser from anywhere in the online world. This generally means that if you cannot get internet access you cannot participate in blogging.
There are many many different blog softwares. Each of these softwares has its own approach and its own community of users. Finding a blog software that is suitable for you comes down to two basic factors:
You do not need to install blogging software unless you have a specific reason to do this. There are many websites that enable you to set up a blog for free. These sites support many users and they let you set up your own blog or 'account' for free. Examples include :
WordPress.com
http://wordpress.com/signup/
This process is not easy! If you have no experience with installing software on servers then this process is probably not for you - you may wish instead to visit the WordPress site and create a Blog account for free. However if you need more control over the configuration of WordPress then the following is for you.
You need some basic system administrations skills and the following to install WordPress on your server. It is beyond the scope of this guide to walk you through each technology so a high level of prior understanding is assumed.
Optionally access to htaccess or server rewrites (needed for custom permalinks).
You will also need the following skills.
*Using an online file manager is highly unrecommended because there are several files to upload.
Many websites come equipped with a cPanel. cPanel comes with an automatic script installer called a Fantastico Script Installer. One feature that this has is an automatic installation of WordPress. To do this, navigate to the Fantastico Script Installer from your cPanel control panel and follow the instructions choosing to install WordPress
curl -O http://wordpress.org/latest.tar.gz
tar zxf latest.tar.gz
mv wordpress/* webroot/
mkdir -p webroot/wp-content/uploads
grep -r ^User\ /etc/httpd/
sudo chown www webroot/ webroot/wp-content/uploads/
Before continuing you will need
Browse to the front page of your website e.g.: http://mywordpress.com/
The automatic configuration scripts will guide you through the next part of the process.
The initial administrator user name is "admin" without the quotes. Type that in the user field and paste the password in the password field. If you are working on a shared computer, do not check the "Remember me" box.
The first thing that should be done upon logging in is to create a new user for yourself with a memorable password.
The last thing that should be done before finishing the WordPress install is to change the permissions of the web root directory back to something more secure. Via FTP/sFTP Set the permissions or CHMOD of the root directory to read/write/execute for the owner only, and read/execute for groups and other users. From the command line.
sudo chown `whoami` webroot/
Installation and some minor configuration is now complete. If you browse to the front page of your blog you should now see a standard install of WordPress with (nearly) no content and with your blog title at the top of the page.
If you do not wish to host your own blog, or do not have that option for one reason or another, you can still run a WordPress blog by signing up for a free account with the makers of WordPress themselves. Although a blog set up at WordPress.com will not be as customisable as one that you host elsewhere, you will not have to spend time or money setting it up, getting it working or dealing with maintenance in the future.
On the next page you can set the subdomain of your blog. Note: you will not be able to change this once it is set.
A subdomain is a 'child' of a regular domain. In this example, the domain name is wordpress.com, and our subdomain is "flossmanuals". Therefore, our web address, or URL, is http://flossmanuals.wordpress.com.
You can also give your blog it's title. You can change the title in the future if you need to. You should now also set the language using the drop down menu.
And finally, press the "Signup" button.
If all goes well at this point (your subdomain will have to be unique, or you will be asked to change it) you should see saying "Your account is now active!".
Once you've received your activation email, you need to log in. There are couple of ways of doing this. One is to go to the main wordpress page and fill in your username and password in the top bar of the screen, as shown below.
The other way is to browse to the domain you chose.
Find the Meta section in the sidebar and then click the Login link.
Then use your login details to fill in the username and password form.
If all went well, you're logged in to your new blog then you should see what is called your 'Dashboard'. This is the control panel where you can add new content to your blog and change the settings.
You can think of the Dashboard as the back end of your blog, compared to the front end part which is what everyone gets to see. Learning to understand your Dashboard, and how changes there affect your site is the key to getting the hang of using Wordpress.
Why not try opening a new tab in your Internet browser so you can see both 'Your Site', the public part of your blog, and your dashboard at the same time. This will make it easier when you are working on your blog to see the changes.
When you have done this, click on the new tab to see the 'Front end' of your blog. It will be available at the URL in the address bar of your browser. eg. http://yourblog.wordpress.com
You'll get to learn more about your Dashboard and how to use it if you look at the tasks in the other chapters of this manual.
The first thing to do when starting up a blog is to learn how to add a post. First you will need to log in, see other chapter for that instruction
When you have signed in a tool bar should appear at the top of the screen. From this toolbar select the New Post option.
If you have signed up for more than one blog then they will be listed here in a drop down menu, as below. Select the blog which you want to make the post to.
The next stage of add your post is to enter a Title for the post and some text which is the main body of the blog post. Think of this part in the same way as sending an email. It really is as easy at that. The title is important, as it will act as a link to your post in some cases, so don't forget to fill that out.
Then you should click in the large blank space and type the main body of what you want to post about. This space acts like a wordprocessor. There are some icons above that space which allow you to format the text. This is called a WYSIWYG editor, which stands for 'What you see is what you get'. In the example below we are highlighting some text and making it Bold.
When you have finished writing your post then click on Publish. This will create an internet page which features your post.
If you want to see what your post looks like then you should click on the link that appears above what you have written which says View Post
On clicking this link you will be taken to the internet page which features your blog post.
There are other chapters about how to add Links, and Images to the post using the WYSIWYG editor.
There are several ways of adding images to posts. The two most common are to upload an image file from your computer or to link to an image that is already on the Internet by finding it's web address (URL).
The advantage of linking directly to an image that is already on the Internet is that you don't have to spend the time to upload it to your blog. There is a possible disadvantage however, and that is that the image you link externally to may disappear. So to be safe you may want to download that image and upload it your own blog. You get loads of free space when you sign up for Worpress account so space isn't an issue.
When you are in your post you should place the cursor where you want your image to appear. This is usually easier if you write the text first.
Then you should click on the 
icon.
A dialogue box will appear. This gives you the choice to add your image in a few ways.
If you want to upload an image from your computer then you should click on Select File
and find the image on your computer.
You'll see an upload bar while you file is uploading.
When your file has uploaded you'll get some options which control how it is inserted into the page.
For my image I want to align the image to the left so that the text I've written wraps around it. Also I want to put in a caption and description to help the viewers know what it is about.
When this is filled in you need to click on to the Insert into Post button at the bottom of the options. Don't forget to do this or it all gets a bit tricky and you might have to start again.
You should now see you image in your post about the right place you wanted it, or at least where you had the cursor flashing when you started the process.
One thing that you might want to change is the spacing around your image. In my example it all look ok as the image is white. But in your example it may look a bit cramped.
If this is the case then we can add some spacing around the image. We'll need to alter the Advanced Settings of the image. To do this you should click on the image in your post. Remember we are still in the edit mode. If you have published your post and are looking at the final result you'll need to edit again.
When you click on the post then you'll see two options appear.
The first is a image of a landscape, this allows you to change the settings of the image. The second is a red circle which is use to delete the image if you no longer want it to appear in your post.
Click on the image of the landscape. You'll see a dialogue box similar to when you first inserted in the image into the post. There is a new tab which says advanced settings. Click on that.
To give a bit of spacing around the image you should enter some details in to the boxes - Vertical Space (leaving a margin on the top and bottom of the image) and Horizontal Space (which leaves a space to the left and right of the image).
When you have entered a number ( I suggest around 10 as a good margin), they you should click on the update button at the bottom of the box.
Check the result when you publish your post. You should see a margin around your image.
To add images that are elsewhere on the Internet you should click on the From URL tab.
You'll need to fill out the form that then appears on the screen and to do this you'll need to know the URL of the image that you are trying to insert into your post. There a number of ways of doing this but the easiest one is to find the Image on an internet page and to do a right click on your mouse, and select Copy Image Location- this saves the image web address (URL) to the computer's memory. You can then return to the following form and paste in the URL to the top box.
When you have filled out the form with the details that are right for your image then make sure to click Insert into Post
To add links to your Wordpress site you can use the backend (Dashboard) to do this. They appear as block on the side of your page. The link block is actually enabled as a Widget so if you don't know how to do that you should read the chapter on that.
A finished link block might look like the one below.
As you can see links can be given different categories and they will show up in the category assigned under a header text with the categories' name. We are going to try to recreate a link block a bit like the one above.
Before we get started adding a link, let's add a category to put our link in.
In this case let's create a category called Local Media. To do this make sure you are logged in to Wordpress and point your browser to the Dashboard of the blog that you want to create a link for.
Click on the Links menu item.
The menu then expands to show you Three options, Edit, Add New and Link Categories.
If you click on Edit then you'll see that you are given to links to start with. These are links to Wordpress.com and Wordpress.org.
We are going to click on Link Categories to add our own category.
You need to give a name for your Category and a short description of what kind of links you are going to put in there. Click on Add Category and your it should appear in the column on the right.
Now we are ready to add a link. From the dashboard, on the left sidebar under the Links header, click on Add Link.
Fill out the details for the link you are going to add. Most importantly the Name of the link, and the Web Address of the website you are linking too. The description is optional but gives users more information about the website if they are hovering over the link.
Then put a tick in the Category of link that you want your link to appear in. And finally click on the Add Link button on the right of the screen. 
Let's check to see what that looks like. If you haven't already added the Links Widget to your sidebar on the Widgets page you'll need to do that. There is more detailed help in another chapter, but essentially from the appearance part of the Dashboard, you go to the Widgets page and drag the Links Widget to your sidebar.
Now when we refresh any page on our blog we should see the Links part of the sidebar. After adding only one link in the Local Media category, your sidebar should look a bit like the screenshot below.
So now it's up to you to create the Categories and the links that you want. You can really make this look good if you put in a bit of effort to link to relevant sites, resources and useful things for the people reading your blog. Also if you link to other people you can get in contact with them and let them know that you have done that. They may link back to you as well if you ask them, in this way you can increase the readership of your blog and get connected to other bloggers and groups.
While working on this chapter this link is included as a useful reference. Wordpress Gallery FAQ
To create an image gallery you should upload your images for a gallery to a particular post or page.
Wordpress allows you to create image galleries to insert into your posts and pages. You can add captions, decide how many images you want to display per row, and decide what happens when your visitors click on an image. A sample image gallery is shown below.
To create a gallery in a post you should bring up the Add Image dialogue box as if you were adding a single image to add your first image - see help in another chapter. One thing to realise is you can add more than one image at the same time.
If you do upload one image at a time, rather than clicking Insert Into Post you should click on 'Select Files' and repeat the process by browsing for another image.
As you do this you will see the Gallery tab appear and a number will appear next to it. This shows that you are adding your images successfully
.
When you have added all your images then click on to the Gallery tab. You will see all of your added images there.
When you see your image appear and get the chance to add a caption and description, by clicking on the Show link on the right of the screen.
Under You now get options for adding your Gallery to this post. You can choose how many columns to display. This may depend on the theme you are using. You may want to experiment with this.
You can also choose if you want your visitors to see only the image itself when they click on it, or a page with the image within the look of your site. Experiment with both settings for a comparison. I would recommend keeping the Attachment Page setting as it makes it easier for your readers to navigate to different parts of the site.
When you click on 'Insert Gallery' you should see a yellow block appear within the body of the post. If you want to add text to the post as well you should click after the yellow box and type there.
You should then click on 'Publish', and then 'View post' (see previous chapter for more details) to see the result of your image gallery, as show in the first image of this chapter.
You may want to add a preview of the audio file. You might also call this a "click and listen" version. You need to know the full URL of the where you have that media file stored. This must be a direct link to that file. In other words you'll need a site to upload the audio to that allows you to directly link to the audio files you've uploaded. Blip.tv is one site that lets you do this.
Once you have a direct link to the file then you can create an entry in your wordpress.com blog to stream the audio file with a flash player.
Create an entry which describes your file and add the following code within the body text of the blog entry.
[audio http://www.example.org/linkto.mp3]
This will look like this in the Wordpress interface.
Then click on "Publish" clicking on the button on the right.
Then when you look at your blog, if you have the flash plug-in installed, you'll see a player which you click on to play the audio file from your browser.
The player is quite basic but very functional.
To proceed with podcasting using WordPress this you will need the following :
First, create your media file. You can choose almost any media file but you should know that iTunes and iPods specifically support the following formats: .m4a, .mp3, .mov, .mp4, .m4v, and .pdf.
To ensure that as many people as possible can access your content it's best to use mp3 for audio. Video can be in a variety of formats though mp4 is recommended specifically for iPods. Remember podcasting is not just about iPods, most computers will be able to subscribe to podcasts and play the media files you download.
Note: If you are using the "free" WordPress.com blog service, you will need to pay in order to upload mp3's to your site. Follow the link in the wp-admin page called "Upgrades". Click on the 'Upgrades' tab to view this.
http://flossmanuals.wordpress.com/wp-admin/paid-upgrades.php
Adjacent to that, there is a "View post" link. Click that now.
WordPress automatically understands how to publish podcasts. It looks for a link to an mp3 within a post, and formats the RSS feed appropriately. All you need to do now is advertise the RSS feed. If you are using Firefox you will see that there is an RSS icon in the location bar.
If you are using the default WordPress template, then you will see an "Entries (RSS)" link in the footer of every page. If you click on either of those, you will see the RSS feed for your blog, including the podcast posts.
http://flossmanuals.wordpress.com/feed/
Firefox will automatically offer to subscribe you to this feed. If you have iTunes or another mp3 player installed, you may be able to use the "Subscribe to this feed using..." dialog box at the top of the page.
Either attempt to get Firefox to automatically subscribe you to your new feed, or copy the feed link and open your music player. Using iTunes, you can use the menu item Advanced > Subscribe to Podcast. Simply paste in the feed URL that you had copied earlier. Once you have done that, iTunes will connect (by default) every day to your blog and download all the new media files that you have uploaded.
Note: To force iTunes to update the podcast listing, right click on the blog title, and select "Update Podcast" from the contextual menu.
Songbird is a cross platform open source media player based on the Mozilla platform. To subscribe to a podcast using Songbird, select the menu item File > New Subscription…. Paste in the feed URL that you had copied earlier. Once you have done that, Songbird will connect (by default) every day to your blog and download all the new audio files that you have uploaded.
Important: As of version 0.4 Songbird will fail to see any media files posted before a post that does not contain a media file. In order to work around this bug, follow the method Creating a podcasting category feed, outlined in the Advanced section below.
There is a slight difference in the interface used on WordPress.com when you are dealing with video. Follow the steps above (1-4) until you get to 4f. The continue from here
To advertise a feed that contains only podcasts, or a subsection of podcasts, first add each of these posts into a category of their own. For example, "Podcasts" or "Video".
When you have uploaded your file, you need find a direct link to your mp3 file.
Now start a new post on Wordpress, enter a Title and some text for the post. Then we need to create a link to the audio file in the post.
Select some text and click on the part of the tool bar that looks like a chain.
You are presented with a window for pasting in the URL of the mp3 file. Put the link details in the "LINK/URL" field.
Now click on "Insert", then then return to your post and your link should have appeared in the text.
Click on "Publish" on the right of the screen.
One good and easy way to enhance the multimedia functionality on your web site is to embed videos in it. Wordpress makes it easy for you to add a flash player in your site that is easy to just click and view. You can do this from a range of different websites. For the purposes of this chapter we're using Blip.TV.
First find the video that you wish to embed in your blog on the Blip.tv site. On the right of the screen you will see a graphic saying Share.
Click on that Share graphic and then move your mouse down and click on Embed.
Then from the right hand part of that graphic, click on default which is Show Player and then select Wordpress.com, as shown below.
Then Click on Go
You will see a small amount of code to embed in your Wordpress blog. It's so small let's just call it a line.
You should select that code and Copy it.
You can now return to your Wordpress blog and paste that code into the HTML part of your blog entry. This embeds a player in that post.
To enter the embed code you should paste the copied line into your Blog post window.
Then when you have entered your supporting text in the default Visual view you should click on Publish on the right hand of the screen to publish this post to your blog.
If you check the front page of your blog then the embedded video should be showing.
The result is below.
One of the great things about Wordpress is that they make it really easy to add multimedia to your blog. This is certainly true of adding Video that has been uploaded to another Video sharing site. There is another chapter on how to create a Video Podcast (a video feed that will work in podcast players like iTunes and Miro). This chapter simply shows you how to take a Video from You Tube, and embed it into one of your posts.
To add You Tube videos you need to find out the URL of the Video you want to embed. A URL is another name for the web address. You can get this by copying it from the Navigation Menu of your browser.
You'll need to copy the Web Address / URL into your computer's memory. There are different ways of doing this. I'm going to select the address, do a right mouse click and select Copy .
Then back in the World of your Wordpress blog you should add a new post, give it a title, write a short description and then place the mouse cursor.
The next thing we need to do is to click on the 
icon.
When you click on this Add Video icon you'll see the following screen.
We are not going to upload a video file from our computer, so we need to click on the second tab at the top of the screen, From URL
After you have clicked on the From URL tab you can paste in the URL of the video on YouTube.
Then click on the Insert into Post button.
You'll see that it inserts a bit of code into your post. Try not to edit this as it'll stop your embeded video from working properly. If all goes well your post should look a bit like this.
You can now click on the Publish Button on the right of the screen. And when you get a message at the top of the screen that you post has been published.
IYou can then click on View post to check to see if the embedding of the video has worked. You should see a box with a still of the video in it and a play button if it's worked.
It is possible to create a video podcast (unfortunately sometimes called a vodcast) with a Wordpress.com account. You can do this in two different ways.
This tutorial shows you how to use a free Wordpress account.
To create a video podcast you need a way to create a RSS feed. If you add an entry to your blog in Wordpress and include a link to a Video file, then Wordpress will automatically create a podcast for you.
First you need to know the direct link to your video file. Then you will need to create a a normal Wordpress post.
Once you have started a new post on Wordpress, enter a Title and some text for the post. Then select some text and click on the link tool (it looks like a chain) and enter a link to the video file in the post as shown below.
Then click on "Publish".
You should have an entry linking to a video on your blog now (below is an example of what it migt look like) and you're ready for the next step.
The next stage of the process is to be able to point people to the web address of your Podcast. With Wordpress.com this process is easy. The internet address of your podcast is simply your Blog address with /rss added to the end of it.
For example a Wordpress blog with a home page here.
http://mickfuzz.wordpress.com
Would have the following WordPress URL / rss
http://mickfuzz.wordpress.com/rss
If you go to that page in a podcast reader then you'll start to view the video podcast as a series of downloadable media files.
If you visit that page in a browser it should look something like this.
You'll probably want to find out more information about promoting your podcast as well now.
WordPress allows you to change the look of your page. There are several ways in which this can be done. The most obvious way is to change the Theme you are using.
To change the theme of your Wordpress site you should log into your blog and in the Dashboard click on the "Appearance" link in the column on the left.
When the next page loads you should see your current theme and then underneath that, a list of different themes that you can choose, their names and a screen shot of what they look like.
You can filter the themes based on certain characteristics. For example if you wanted to only show themes which have 2 columns, then you could select that possibiliy from the drop down menu.
Then click on the Filter button.
To change to one of the listed themes then click on either the title of the theme or the screenshot image of it.
You will then see a preview of your wordpress blog in the style of the theme.
If you don't like the look of the theme or if you are not sure you can return to the previous page by clicking on the "x" in the top left of the preview screen :
Or if you like the Theme and want to use it then click on the link in the top right of the preview screen :
You might also want to change the design of your Wordpress blog by adding or changing the contents of your additional columns. This is done by adding Widgets.
With some themes you have the ability to change the 'Header Image' which appears at the top of your blog.
Click on 'Custom Header'. There are several things you can do, we are going to upload a different image.
We are going to upload a New Header Image. If you have access to an Image manipulation programme then you can get your image to be exactly the right size. For this theme that size is shown as 740 x 192 pixels.
I'm going to upload an image which isn't exactly the right size as if you do you get a chance to just choose part of the image.
You can move the selected part of the image that you have decided to upload and then click on 'Crop Header' when you are happy with it. I'm being lazy and uploading one of the screenshots I took earlier as it has a good Wordpress logo on it.
You should see a message saying. "Header complete! Visit your site and you should see the new header now."
Wordpress allows you to change the design and look of your page. There are several ways in which this is done. The most obvious way to affect your design is to change the Theme you are using. You can also add Widgets which are small pieces of code to add sections to the sidebars of your site.
A Widget is a bit of text, a calendar, some links to other sites or other general stuff that you include in your blog that aren't blog posts or pages themselves.
By default Wordpress adds some widgets for you. If you haven't changed your theme you might see the following things in your second column.
The sections about Pages, Archive, Categories etc, are all your default Widgets. When you add your first Widget these default ones dissappear.
To add widgets to your Wordpress blog you must be using a theme which has at least one column, as this is where widgets live. This tutorial outlines how to use widgets on a theme with 2 columns. If you chose a theme with 3 columns then things get a bit more tricky.
From your Dashboard select the Appearance link.
Then click on the link named "Widget".
You will see a list of available Widgets on the left of the page (see below).
On the right, the darker column Sidebar represents the different element that you will see in your side column. You need to drag and drop different widgets to this sidebar. When they appear in the list the changes to your layout have been made. You should view the front end of the site to see if you are happy with them.
This set up is dependent on the theme you use. In this case we are using a theme with two columns. If you use a three column theme you may see a different arrangement.
One of the more simple widgets you can add is the Pages Widget. This will display a list of the Pages that you have created for your blog in the second column.
Links are a vital widget to add if you have been using the default Wordpress system to add links (see other chapter).
The Flickr and Twitter plugins are useful if you use those services. And if you use Categories for your posts then you should make sure that that Widget gets included too. A sample setting for Twitter is shown below.
Below, you can see a sample list of widgets in a Sidebar.
There is a really good resources page on Wordpress.com which lists different Widgets and what they do, which can be accessed if you click on the Help tab on the top right of the page.
You can get tricky with your widgets, we will try sometting a little more advanced. A more advanced use of a Widget could be to include an Image which links to your RSS feed. This is especially useful if you are linking to media files, as it will act as your podcast subscribe button. To do this you would add a Text Widget.
The Text Widget is very flexible and allows you to add text and HTML code to your sidebar.
This is very useful as it allows you to add a HTML text like a link to an image. We will use it to add a link to your Podcast in the form of an image.
To do this you should do the following.
Click on "Add" next to "Text" on the Widgets page.
Find an image which represents your podcast. For example I did a search for "RSS icon" and selected the following.
You need to know the URL of this image, in this case it is : 'http://hartstoneideas.com/rss-img.jpg'
Click on "Edit" next to the "Text" link that has appeared on the right of your Widgets screen.
Next add the image to the Text Widget by entering the following code
<img src ="http://hartstoneideas.com/rss-img.jpg">
Then you should make that image into a link. You can do that by adding the following code around the code for the image.
<a href="http://moorsideradio.wordpress.com/rss"> <img src ="http://hartstoneideas.com/rss-img.jpg"> </a>
You will notice that the link is to your Wordpress RSS feed - this is used by players like iTunes or Songbird to download and play the file.
That is all you have to do. Now publish the entry and check it in your browser. If you click on the image link you should be directed to the RSS Feed which may look something like this :
All chapters copyright of the authors (see below). Unless otherwise stated all chapters in this manual licensed with GNU General Public License version 2
This documentation is free documentation; you can redistribute it and/or modify it under the terms of the GNU General Public License as published by the Free Software Foundation; either version 2 of the License, or (at your option) any later version.This documentation is distributed in the hope that it will be useful, but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the GNU General Public License for more details.
You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public License along with this documentation; if not, write to the Free Software Foundation, Inc., 51 Franklin Street, Fifth Floor, Boston, MA 02110-1301, USA.
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Free manuals for free software
Version 2, June 1991
Copyright (C) 1989, 1991 Free Software Foundation, Inc.
51 Franklin Street, Fifth Floor, Boston, MA 02110-1301, USA
Everyone is permitted to copy and distribute verbatim copies
of this license document, but changing it is not allowed.
Preamble
The licenses for most software are designed to take away your freedom to share and change it. By contrast, the GNU General Public License is intended to guarantee your freedom to share and change free software--to make sure the software is free for all its users. This General Public License applies to most of the Free Software Foundation's software and to any other program whose authors commit to using it. (Some other Free Software Foundation software is covered by the GNU Lesser General Public License instead.) You can apply it to your programs, too.
When we speak of free software, we are referring to freedom, not price. Our General Public Licenses are designed to make sure that you have the freedom to distribute copies of free software (and charge for this service if you wish), that you receive source code or can get it if you want it, that you can change the software or use pieces of it in new free programs; and that you know you can do these things.
To protect your rights, we need to make restrictions that forbid anyone to deny you these rights or to ask you to surrender the rights. These restrictions translate to certain responsibilities for you if you distribute copies of the software, or if you modify it.
For example, if you distribute copies of such a program, whether gratis or for a fee, you must give the recipients all the rights that you have. You must make sure that they, too, receive or can get the source code. And you must show them these terms so they know their rights.
We protect your rights with two steps: (1) copyright the software, and (2) offer you this license which gives you legal permission to copy, distribute and/or modify the software.
Also, for each author's protection and ours, we want to make certain that everyone understands that there is no warranty for this free software. If the software is modified by someone else and passed on, we want its recipients to know that what they have is not the original, so that any problems introduced by others will not reflect on the original authors' reputations.
Finally, any free program is threatened constantly by software patents. We wish to avoid the danger that redistributors of a free program will individually obtain patent licenses, in effect making the program proprietary. To prevent this, we have made it clear that any patent must be licensed for everyone's free use or not licensed at all.
The precise terms and conditions for copying, distribution and modification follow.
TERMS AND CONDITIONS FOR COPYING, DISTRIBUTION AND MODIFICATION
0. This License applies to any program or other work which contains a notice placed by the copyright holder saying it may be distributed under the terms of this General Public License. The "Program", below, refers to any such program or work, and a "work based on the Program" means either the Program or any derivative work under copyright law: that is to say, a work containing the Program or a portion of it, either verbatim or with modifications and/or translated into another language. (Hereinafter, translation is included without limitation in the term "modification".) Each licensee is addressed as "you".
Activities other than copying, distribution and modification are not covered by this License; they are outside its scope. The act of running the Program is not restricted, and the output from the Program is covered only if its contents constitute a work based on the Program (independent of having been made by running the Program). Whether that is true depends on what the Program does.
1. You may copy and distribute verbatim copies of the Program's source code as you receive it, in any medium, provided that you conspicuously and appropriately publish on each copy an appropriate copyright notice and disclaimer of warranty; keep intact all the notices that refer to this License and to the absence of any warranty; and give any other recipients of the Program a copy of this License along with the Program.
You may charge a fee for the physical act of transferring a copy, and you may at your option offer warranty protection in exchange for a fee.
2. You may modify your copy or copies of the Program or any portion of it, thus forming a work based on the Program, and copy and distribute such modifications or work under the terms of Section 1 above, provided that you also meet all of these conditions:
These requirements apply to the modified work as a whole. If identifiable sections of that work are not derived from the Program, and can be reasonably considered independent and separate works in themselves, then this License, and its terms, do not apply to those sections when you distribute them as separate works. But when you distribute the same sections as part of a whole which is a work based on the Program, the distribution of the whole must be on the terms of this License, whose permissions for other licensees extend to the entire whole, and thus to each and every part regardless of who wrote it.
Thus, it is not the intent of this section to claim rights or contest your rights to work written entirely by you; rather, the intent is to exercise the right to control the distribution of derivative or collective works based on the Program.
In addition, mere aggregation of another work not based on the Program with the Program (or with a work based on the Program) on a volume of a storage or distribution medium does not bring the other work under the scope of this License.
3. You may copy and distribute the Program (or a work based on it, under Section 2) in object code or executable form under the terms of Sections 1 and 2 above provided that you also do one of the following:
The source code for a work means the preferred form of the work for making modifications to it. For an executable work, complete source code means all the source code for all modules it contains, plus any associated interface definition files, plus the scripts used to control compilation and installation of the executable. However, as a special exception, the source code distributed need not include anything that is normally distributed (in either source or binary form) with the major components (compiler, kernel, and so on) of the operating system on which the executable runs, unless that component itself accompanies the executable.
If distribution of executable or object code is made by offering access to copy from a designated place, then offering equivalent access to copy the source code from the same place counts as distribution of the source code, even though third parties are not compelled to copy the source along with the object code.
4. You may not copy, modify, sublicense, or distribute the Program except as expressly provided under this License. Any attempt otherwise to copy, modify, sublicense or distribute the Program is void, and will automatically terminate your rights under this License. However, parties who have received copies, or rights, from you under this License will not have their licenses terminated so long as such parties remain in full compliance.
5. You are not required to accept this License, since you have not signed it. However, nothing else grants you permission to modify or distribute the Program or its derivative works. These actions are prohibited by law if you do not accept this License. Therefore, by modifying or distributing the Program (or any work based on the Program), you indicate your acceptance of this License to do so, and all its terms and conditions for copying, distributing or modifying the Program or works based on it.
6. Each time you redistribute the Program (or any work based on the Program), the recipient automatically receives a license from the original licensor to copy, distribute or modify the Program subject to these terms and conditions. You may not impose any further restrictions on the recipients' exercise of the rights granted herein. You are not responsible for enforcing compliance by third parties to this License.
7. If, as a consequence of a court judgment or allegation of patent infringement or for any other reason (not limited to patent issues), conditions are imposed on you (whether by court order, agreement or otherwise) that contradict the conditions of this License, they do not excuse you from the conditions of this License. If you cannot distribute so as to satisfy simultaneously your obligations under this License and any other pertinent obligations, then as a consequence you may not distribute the Program at all. For example, if a patent license would not permit royalty-free redistribution of the Program by all those who receive copies directly or indirectly through you, then the only way you could satisfy both it and this License would be to refrain entirely from distribution of the Program.
If any portion of this section is held invalid or unenforceable under any particular circumstance, the balance of the section is intended to apply and the section as a whole is intended to apply in other circumstances.
It is not the purpose of this section to induce you to infringe any patents or other property right claims or to contest validity of any such claims; this section has the sole purpose of protecting the integrity of the free software distribution system, which is implemented by public license practices. Many people have made generous contributions to the wide range of software distributed through that system in reliance on consistent application of that system; it is up to the author/donor to decide if he or she is willing to distribute software through any other system and a licensee cannot impose that choice.
This section is intended to make thoroughly clear what is believed to be a consequence of the rest of this License.
8. If the distribution and/or use of the Program is restricted in certain countries either by patents or by copyrighted interfaces, the original copyright holder who places the Program under this License may add an explicit geographical distribution limitation excluding those countries, so that distribution is permitted only in or among countries not thus excluded. In such case, this License incorporates the limitation as if written in the body of this License.
9. The Free Software Foundation may publish revised and/or new versions of the General Public License from time to time. Such new versions will be similar in spirit to the present version, but may differ in detail to address new problems or concerns.
Each version is given a distinguishing version number. If the Program specifies a version number of this License which applies to it and "any later version", you have the option of following the terms and conditions either of that version or of any later version published by the Free Software Foundation. If the Program does not specify a version number of this License, you may choose any version ever published by the Free Software Foundation.
10. If you wish to incorporate parts of the Program into other free programs whose distribution conditions are different, write to the author to ask for permission. For software which is copyrighted by the Free Software Foundation, write to the Free Software Foundation; we sometimes make exceptions for this. Our decision will be guided by the two goals of preserving the free status of all derivatives of our free software and of promoting the sharing and reuse of software generally.
NO WARRANTY
11. BECAUSE THE PROGRAM IS LICENSED FREE OF CHARGE, THERE IS NO WARRANTY FOR THE PROGRAM, TO THE EXTENT PERMITTED BY APPLICABLE LAW. EXCEPT WHEN OTHERWISE STATED IN WRITING THE COPYRIGHT HOLDERS AND/OR OTHER PARTIES PROVIDE THE PROGRAM "AS IS" WITHOUT WARRANTY OF ANY KIND, EITHER EXPRESSED OR IMPLIED, INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, THE IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. THE ENTIRE RISK AS TO THE QUALITY AND PERFORMANCE OF THE PROGRAM IS WITH YOU. SHOULD THE PROGRAM PROVE DEFECTIVE, YOU ASSUME THE COST OF ALL NECESSARY SERVICING, REPAIR OR CORRECTION.
12. IN NO EVENT UNLESS REQUIRED BY APPLICABLE LAW OR AGREED TO IN WRITING WILL ANY COPYRIGHT HOLDER, OR ANY OTHER PARTY WHO MAY MODIFY AND/OR REDISTRIBUTE THE PROGRAM AS PERMITTED ABOVE, BE LIABLE TO YOU FOR DAMAGES, INCLUDING ANY GENERAL, SPECIAL, INCIDENTAL OR CONSEQUENTIAL DAMAGES ARISING OUT OF THE USE OR INABILITY TO USE THE PROGRAM (INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO LOSS OF DATA OR DATA BEING RENDERED INACCURATE OR LOSSES SUSTAINED BY YOU OR THIRD PARTIES OR A FAILURE OF THE PROGRAM TO OPERATE WITH ANY OTHER PROGRAMS), EVEN IF SUCH HOLDER OR OTHER PARTY HAS BEEN ADVISED OF THE POSSIBILITY OF SUCH DAMAGES.
END OF TERMS AND CONDITIONS
