AzureusAzureus is a bittorrent client that allows you to download files to your computer via the bittorrent network. Bittorrent users create small bittorrent files which contain information about the media files they want to distribute. Bittorrent distribution sites like The Pirate Bay (http://thepiratebay.org/) host these small files. When you want a media file you first download the bittorrent file and then open it with your bittorrent client application (like Azureus). The bittorrent client application then starts to download the media file from other users on the bittorrent network. The bittorrent network contains both licensed and pirated material. Azureus can download either. Azureus works on Windows, MacOSX and Linux and is a popular bittorrent client, with a community of voluntary ('Open Source') developers. You must have Java installed on your computer before you can install Azureus.
The above image shows Azureus running in 'classic' mode. Azureus also has a special 'skin' called 'Vuze'. Vuze just looks a little nicer and is more graphical. Below is Azureus running in 'Vuze' mode (this is the default mode for Windows) :
Unfortunately, the Vuze mode does not work for Ubuntu and hence Ubuntu users must run Azureus in 'classic' mode. There is no difference in functionality. Please note that sometimes Azureus is referred to as 'Vuze'. If you are trying to work out what 'Vuze' really is, well, the developers say 'it's just a skin'...however it appears not... Vuze.comTo make things a little more confusing. There is an online content website called 'Vuze' which is made by the same people that make Azureus. The website looks exactly the same as Azureus with the Vuze skin when you open it. It does not have the same functionality however, and you need Azureus installed to access the content. Additionally...there is a java version of Azureus that the site calls 'Vuze' which will run from the Vuze.com website in your browser (only for OSX and Windows, does not work with Linux) if you do not have Azureus installed... Confused? You have a right to be. There should really be separate names for each of these components. The components break down to this: 1. Azureus - the software
What is Peer to Peer?'Peer to Peer', also known as 'P2P' is a method for swapping files on the internet. To understand how it works it is good to first look at a basic illustration of how the internet usually works when you look at webpages. The internet is, at its most simplest level, a lot of computers connected together. In this type of computer network there are two types of computers - Clients and Servers. A 'client' can be thought of as a computer that you use to connect to the internet. This might be, for example, the computer you have at home which you use to browse. It is called a 'client' because it requests data from other computers and seldom delivers data to to other computers in any substantial way.
A 'server' is a computer that delivers the webpages. These computers are dedicated to the delivery of websites. They are called 'servers' because they 'serve' (deliver) data. When you 'open a webpage' what you are actually doing is downloading that webpage from a server. Your client requests the webpage from the server and the server then delivers the data (webpage) back to your computer. This is known as the 'client - server model' and a diagram of it might look a little like this:
There are many many servers on the internet dedicated to serving webpages. This network of servers is what we call the World Wide Web. What you may notice about this network is that client computers can only request information from servers. In this model there is no way you can interact with computers on the internet unless they are servers. You cannot request data from another client computer. My computer cannot request data from your computer. This is what Peer-to-Peer technology solves. In effect it turns every client computer into a server. So the configuration of clients as drawn above, redrawn as a P2P network would look like this:
In the above diagram you can see each client computer can communicate directly with any other client computer. This is known as the P2P network model. This is the idea behind P2P - it enables any client computer to deliver files to any other client computer. This is why P2P networks are often referred to as 'file sharing networks' as they enable all users on the network to request and deliver (share) files with any other user on the network. Most commonly these files are music and video files. How do I join a P2P network?It's very simple. To participate in a file sharing network you need to install and run a type of software known as a 'file sharing client' or 'Peer-to-Peer client'. This software enables you to find the other computers on the network, see what files they have available, and download those files to your computer. A file sharing client also enables you to make available your own files for others to download from your computer. Common file sharing clients include Napster, Azureus, Limewire, WhatIs.BitTorrent, WhatIs.BitTornado, Gnutella, and eDonkey. There are many many other softwares that do more or less the same job. They all work in slightly different ways and working out which one is best for you is often only acquired by trial and error, or by asking your local P2P expert (if you have one) and talking to them about your specific needs.
What is BitTorrentBitTorrent is a type of Peer-to-Peer (P2P) technology. It is generally considered to be one of the more sophisticated and reliable P2P technologies as it has some advantages of 'standard' P2P. The standard way to use a P2P network follows these steps:
With BitTorrent the process is (generally) slightly different. It follows these steps:
The BitTorrent process may sound a little more complex (it is) however it has some advantages over other types of P2P networks. The most notable advantage is that your download is not reliant on one source. You can draw the same file from multiple computers, and the BitTorrent software will manage problems by swapping and choosing download sources. This reduces your dependence on the original download source and can produce very fast download speeds. What is a Torrent?A torrent (sometimes called 'torrent file' but most commonly just referred to as a 'torrent') is a text file that contains information on the file you want to download. It is a text file that ends with the suffix '.torrent'. You download this file directly from the internet through your browser. The torrent is very small and it contains some general information about the file you are looking for. The torrent also contains a unique code ('unique identifier') referencing the actual file you wish to download. No other file will be associated with this identifier. When you have downloaded a Torrent you must open it with your BitTorrent software (also known as a 'BitTorrent client'). The software then connects to a server known as a BitTorrent Tracker. There are many trackers on the internet, and when your software contacts a tracker (the tracker location is identified within the torrent file) it sends the tracker the information in the torrent. The Tracker then responds by telling your BitTorrent client where it can start downloading the file you want. What is a Seed?As stated earlier, BitTorrent downloads small pieces of the file you want from multiple sources (computers on the BitTorrent network). BitTorrent only starts the downloads from computers that have the complete file available for download. These sources are known as seeds. If there are 20 users on the BitTorrent Network that have a complete copy of the file you want, then the tracker will list each of these 20 seeds and start downloading from them. Some seeds are better than others of course because some users have faster internet connections and machines. BitTorrent tries to connect you with the best ones so your download will be as quick as possible. How do I share a file on BitTorrent?To share a new file (one which you have not just downloaded through a torrent) you have to first create a torrent for the file, and then register it with a tracker. You must then run the BitTorrent client with the newly created torrent open until others have also downloaded the file and share it by becoming seeds. Installing on WindowsSoftware name : Azureus
To get the latest version of Azureus go to http://azureus.sourceforge.net/ Click on the "DOWNLOAD" link to download the installer to your computer.
You will be forwarded to another page and the download should start within 5 seconds.
Save the file to your Desktop. When the installer has been downloaded you should see the installer file on your desktop. The installer name has the version number included. The higher the number sequence the more recent the installer. The file I downloaded is named "azureus_3.0.4.2_windows.exe" so it is version "3.0.4.2". If your version is newer the number will be different. Find the file on your desktop and double click on it.
JavaAzureus needs a technology called Java to work. The installer will check to see if it is already installed. If Java is already installed you will see an installer screen. In that case you should skip to the next section of this manual. If Java is not installed you will see this window :
At this point click "Download" and the Azureus installer will automatically download Java for you:
Its quite a large file (28MB or so), and so it might take quite a while to download. When it has downloaded you will be forwarded immediately to the installation start window. Start the InstallNow you should see a screen like this :
All the screens for the installation can just be left with the default settings but I will look at them one by one. If you press Next > you will see this:
This is the license agreement screen. If you do not accept the agreement then the installation process will quit without installing the software. So, it is best to click on "I accept the agreement" and then Next >. When you have done this you will see the next screen :
The above screen shows where the software will be installed. Do not change this setting unless you have good cause to do so. Press Next > and you will see the following:
The above screen shows what the name of shortcut to Azureus will be. A shortcut is a link to your program from the Windows Start Menu. So if you decide to leave the default settings as they are you will be able to open Azureus from the Start Menu located at the bottom left of your Windows screen. Just leave the setting as it is unless you have a good reason to change it. Press Next > and you should see the following :
The above screen identifies what files Azureus will automatically open. This means if you click on any file that ends with the suffix '.torrent' or you download a torrent from the web then Azureus will automatically open the file. If you have another software that you wish to handle torrent files, you should unclick the box next to "Azureus Vuze Download". However , it is more likely that you want to use Azureus for precisely this kind of operation, so you probably want to leave this screen as is. When you press Next > the next screen shows the installation process beginning :
When this process is complete you will see this:
Press Finish and the window will close. Azureus does not start automatically, you have to open Azureus from the start menu :
Now you will see Azureus open!
Please note that the above image is of Azureus running with the 'Vuze skin'.
Installing Azureus on UbuntuSoftware name : Azureus
The easiest way to install software on Ubuntu is to use the software known as the Synaptic Package Manager. Lets look at how to set it up and use it to install Azureus.
The Synaptic Package Manager (SPM) is used for more than just installing software. It can also upgrade your entire operating system, and manage all software installed on your computer. However most people use SPM for just installing new software. Before you embark on this process there are a few concepts that you may wish to get familiar with. Its not crucial you understand them throughly, so just read the explanations and then let it soak in over time. The ideas behind SPM will become clearer with use.
SPM can automate the installation of software on your computer because it has a direct connection to one or more online software repositories. These repositories are vast archives of softwares that have been pre-configured for installation on your operating system . When your computer is online SPM can connect to these archives, check what software is available for installation, and present you with a list of installable software. All you have to do is select the software from the list that you want. SPM then downloads the software from the repository and takes care of the installation process.
So SPM is actually a repository manager, it manages which repositories (there are many) you wish to access, and which softwares to download and install from those repositories.
SPM allows you to choose which repositories it accesses through its settings. The default repositories used by Ubuntu can be extended through the SPM settings so you can access a wider range of softwares. Ubuntu calls each repository by a simple name. They are : Main, Universe, Multiverse, Restricted. By default Ubuntu only uses the Main online repository. If you wish to access you the other repositories you must do this by changing repository settings of SPM.
When SPM downloads a software for installation it is in the form known as a 'package'. This means that it is a compressed archive of the software, pre-configured so that it will install nicely on your computer. If the package has been configured nicely, and Ubuntu spends a lot of time making sure this is the case, then many of the headaches that installing software can bring are taken away - its the panadol of software installation. One of the biggest issues with installing software on any form of Linux (Ubuntu is one of many types of Linux), are dependencies. Dependencies are all the other softwares required by a particular software. If, for example, I want to install a audio editor, that audio editor software may use some functionality of other softwares to do its job.
SPM takes the (often) dark art of dependencies away from you, and manages this itself. So if you wish to install a software and it has dependencies (and the list can be long), you don't have to work this out yourself, SPM knows already what is needed, finds it, and installs it along with the software you have chosen.
So, SPM, as well as managing which repositories you access, is also a package management software. Hence the name - Synaptic Package Manager.
You don't really need to know about apt, so if you are on the verge of being confused then don't read this short section. If you are a geek wannabe then read on.
Ubuntu is a form of Linux that has derived from another form of Linux - Debian. This family of Linux has in common (amongst other things) the package/repository management system. Both Ubuntu and Debian use the apt system for managing packages. APT is actually an acronym short for Advanced Package Tool.
SPM is actually a 'front end' (graphical interface) for controlling apt. So SPM is the nice user interface that you see, but the real work is done by apt. There are other ways of managing apt also, such as the command line interface known as apt-get. In the world of Linux there are many varieties of Linux users and they have their own ways of doing things. In general its safe to say most Debian users use apt-get, and most Ubuntu users are happier using SPM.
To install most software on Ubuntu you will need to change the default repository settings of SPM as many softwares are not contained in the default repository. To do this you will need to open the Synaptic Package Manager and you can do this via the System menu. If you haven't changed the default Desktop of Ubuntu then the System menu can be accessed at the top left of your screen:
If all is good you will be prompted for a password.
Here you must enter your password (the same one you use to log into the system). If you don't know the password then you have a problem and its probably caused by the fact that the computer you are using is not yours. In this case you have to find the computers owner and ask them for the password (which is usually not polite unless you know them well) or ask them to input the password while you look casually in the other direction.
Assuming the password entered is correct - you will now see the SPM open infront of you. It may be that you first see the following 'Quick Introduction' (this appears if you haven't used SPM before).
Just click Close and move on. Lets look at the Synaptic Package Manager interface...
Lets not worry about the details of the interface for now. All we want to do is change the repository settings. To do this click on the Settings and choose Repositories
Now we get to where we can do some business. Make sure that all the options are checked :
Now close that window by pressing the big close button at the bottom right.
Next, you will see a warning telling you the repository has changed :
Click the Close button and move on to SPM so you can refresh the repositories as the warning suggests. To do this, do as the warning says - click on Reload :
You should then get some feedback saying the repositories are being updated and showing the progress.
Search for AzureusNow press the "Search" button on Synaptic :
You will see a small pop up :
Now type 'Azureus' in the "Search" field :
Then press "Search" and Synaptic will start searching for the installation file. When it has completed you will see something like this :
Now we want to 'mark' the software we wish to install. In this case we right-click on 'Azureus' and you will see "Mark for Installation" appear:
Select this option and left-click on the mouse. You will see a pop-up asking you to confirm your choice :
You will see here a lot of software listed for installation that you did not choose. This is because Synaptic automatically works out what other software is needed for Azureus to work and installs that as well. So, the only thing to do here is confirm you want to move ahead with the installation and press "Mark". This will return you to the following:
You will notice the icon next to "azureus" has changed. This shows the software is correctly marked for installation. Now click on "Apply" :
Now the installation process is about to really start. Just one more confirmation window:
Click "Apply" and the software will be installed. You will see a few progress windows:
Just wait until its all done. Then you should see this :
This means the software is installed. You can now press "Close" and you may also wish to quit Synaptic. Open AzureusUbuntu has nicely installed Azureus for you and placed some shortcuts in the "Applications" menu for you to use to open the software. To do this click on "Applications" and browse down to "Internet" and you will see Azureus listed:
When you select Azureus a few windows might appear asking you if you wish to update Azureus :
Click "Update" and the update will be automatically downloaded and installed, finishing wiht a window like this : Press "Close" and then you will see another configuration window asking you which language you wish to use:
Select your preferred language. Mine is English so I highlight this and press Next > and the following will appear : Now you have a real choice. If you only want to use Azureus to download files then keep the setting on "Beginner". If you wish to also share your own files then you may choose to select "Intermediate". The "Advanced" setting is for those that already know a lot about BitTorrent and networks. Its advised you select "Beginner", which is the default (you can always change the setting at a later time). Press Next > On the next screen you will see this :
Here you can tell Azureus how fast your internet connection is. If you know how fast your connection is then choose the right entry from the drop-down menu :
Don't worry about the terms "adsl" and "cable" these describe specific internet connection technologies. Choose the speed listed which is closest to your connection speed (if you know it). If you are connected via a Modem (telephone) then choose "Modem". If you do not know your connection speed then don't worry about it, just leave it as is. The other options ("Max Active" etc) will change according to the setting you choose in the drop down box. These are the Azureus 'optimum' settings which are automatically set. They determine the number of downloads and uploads your installation will deal with at any one time.
Press Next > :
The above screen will look like alien speak if you don't know anything about how routers and the internet work. You may not even know what a 'router' is. If you don't know, then don't be concerned. You have one way to find out if you need to change this setting. Press the "Test" button. If you get something like "NAT Error" as a message then you have a problem. Azureus may not work in this situation. Try it first and if you find you cannot download files then you probably have to get someone to help you work through this. Otherwise press Next > :
This setting is where Azureus will save the files you download. You are strongly recommended to change this. This is because Azureus stores your downloads by default in a directory you will not be able to find easily if you have little experience with Ubuntu. This is a directory folder with a name that begins with a '.' (dot) and that means that folder is normally 'hidden' or invisible. You should click the "Browse" button and choose another directory that you kow you can find easily. When you have done this press "Finish" and you will see the following:
Press "Close" and Azureus should open.
Downloading torrentsWhen you want to get a file from a BitTorrent network you first must use a search engine to find what is known as the 'torrent'. There are plenty of search engines dedicated to finding these. A torrent contains information about the file you wish to download. For example, to find a particular video file, you could first visit a Torrent search engine like The Pirate Bay (http://www.thepiratebay.org), and if you are lucky the file is available. However you do not download the file you want directly, rather, you download the small torrent file instead. Next you open the torrent file in a BitTorrent client (a type of software, in this case we are using Azureus) and then that software finds the video file specified in the torrent and begins to download it.
A torrent files is very quick to download. This is because Azureus uses the information in this file to connect to other users who have the file you want on their computers, and starts to download it from them. This means that you may be downloading the file from a lot of users at the same time, so that the more people who are sharing the file the quicker it will download to your computer.
When you go to a torrent search engine like The Pirate Bay and click on the download link for the torrent, the browser will normally ask you if you wish to download the file using Azureus if you already have it installed.You should choose this method as it is the simplest method. If Azureus is not set up to open torrents you have downloaded then you can save the .torrent file to your computer. Then open Azureus and select File and then Open, and 'Torrent File...' from the top menu : You will see a file browser and you can use this to browse for the torrent file you downloaded : Click 'Open' and your Torrent will be opened in Azureus and the search for computers to download the file from begins... BitTorrent Publishing OverviewUsing BitTorrent technologies to distribute files is at first a little more difficult than most other file sharing processes. It is a good idea to understand some of the basic principles before you start off. The basic process goes some thing like this. 1. Choose a file to shareSay you have a file (or directory) you wish to share with others. Let's use the example of an audio file : 2. Make a torrent fileWhen you have a file and wish to share it with a Bittorrent network you first need to make a Torrent file. A torrent file is a text file that contains information about the file you wish to share. You make a torrent file with a BitTorrent client (software) : 3. Upload the torrent to a trackerNext... you will need to upload this torrent to a torrent tracker. This is a server on the internet that stores torrents : 4. Seed the fileNext you must 'seed' the file. This means that you make it available for people to download. You do this by opening the torrent you made with BitTorrent client software. Thats pretty much it! Registering with The Pirate BayThe Pirate Bay ( http://thepiratebay.org/) is a website where you can search for files to download using the BitTorrent networks. The Pirate Bay has been around for quite some time; it was founded in Sweden and is run by volunteers. It has been harassed many times by authorities but to this day, thankfully, remains operational.
At The Pirate Bay you can search for files (eg. music or video) and download the small torrent files. These torrents must then be opened in a BitTorrent client so you can start downloading the file you are after.
Also, if you wish to publish files on a BitTorrent network then you can do this through The Pirate Bay.
To publish files on a BitTorrent network you first must have the following:
The file you wish to share can be anything: a text file, a software installer, audio or video files, ebooks, photo albums, whatever you like. Once you have chosen your file to share you need to make a torrent file. These small torrent files contain information about file you are sharing. If you want to distribute a file using BitTorrent, you need to first create this torrent file usually using software like Azureus or other BitTorrent clients. The torrent doesn't contain the shared file itself, rather it contains information that identifies the file you wish to distribute.
BitTorrent publishing also relies on something called a tracker. A tracker is software that runs on an internet server. If you publish a torrent file to a tracker, then the tracker 'keeps track' of who is sharing the file. The tracker uses the information in the torrent file to do this. The Pirate Bay TrackerSo, before you progress too far down the publishing path you should first find a tracker you wish to use. You need to do this before you create the torrent file because the details of the tracker you will use must be in the torrent file. You can search the net for trackers, there are plenty of them. However the most popular tracker (at the time of writing) on the net is The Pirate Bay.
Registering To be able to use the Pirate Bay tracker for publishing torrents you need to be registered with Pirate Bay. It costs nothing and it is quick. First point your browser at the registration page:
It should look something like this: Enter in the information and make sure you enter a valid email address. The registration process needs to be completed by email. Also make sure when you enter the characters in the image that you use the right capitalisation. If all is well when you press 'Register' you will see a message "A confirmation e-mail has been sent. Please read it and follow the instructions to complete your registration.". Check your email and the message you received from Pirate Bay will have a link in it. Click on this (or open the link in a browser) and the resulting page should confirm your registration with the message :
You now have to log in. Logging InTo log in to Pirate Bay visit the login page : http://thepiratebay.org/login The enter your username and password and press "Login" You should see a new page looking something like this: PreferencesThe above image shows the preferences for your account.
Press "Save". You will now notice you have some new options in the bottom panel : The main things to note here are the links to the 'Preferences' which is actually the page you have just seen where you can change your password etc. Additionally you have a link to 'Upload torrent' which is what you need to access if you wish to publish torrents to the Pirate Bay tracker.
Publish a TorrentThis chapter will show you how to create a Torrent file using Azureus. BackgroundSmall .torrent files contain information about other files. If you want to distribute a video file using BitTorrent, you need to first create a torrent file which contains information about the file you wish to distribute. BitTorrent publishing relies on something called a tracker. A tracker is software that runs on an internet server. You upload the torrent files you make to a tracker. This is referred to as 'publishing'. If you publish a torrent file to a tracker, then the tracker 'keeps track of' who has the video file available for sharing. The tracker uses the information in the torrent file to do this. Choosing a TrackerWhen creating a torrent file, you need to be able to enter the details of the tracker that you are going to upload the torrent to. So, the first thing to do is to find a tracker you wish to use. You can search the net for trackers, there are plenty of them. At the moment we will keep it simple and just refer to the most popular one (at the time of writing) on the net. This is the fabulous 'Pirate Bay'. The Pirate Bay have been around for quite some time and they provide a free tracker service. However you must first ensure you have an account with them. I will assume you have already done this before proceeding. Creating a torrentFirst open the Torrent dialog box by clicking on File and then New Torrent : You will see a window like the following appear : This is the screen where you need to enter the tracker location. In this example I am using ' http://tpb.tracker.thepiratebay.org:80/announce'. Enter this tracker URL in the 'Use an external Tracker' box.
Linux Users : If you are using Linux or Ubuntu (a version of Linux) then you should change the default save location.This is because by default Azureus will save the file to a directory which under normal conditions you cannot 'see' when you look in your home directory. This is because the folder starts with a dot ('.) and any file or folder starting with a '.' is 'hidden' or invisible.
You will see a status window like this: Click 'Close' and you should see your file in the lower window with a status saying seeding. If so you are ready to upload your torrent to the tracker.
Upload a Torrent to Pirate BayWhen you have created a torrent you then need to upload this to a tracker. We will use The Pirate Bay tracker. To do this you will first have to be registered and logged in to The Pirate Bay. I will assume you have already created a torrent file and registered and logged in to The Pirate Bay. If you visit The Pirate Bay homepage (http://thepiratebay.org/) you will see at the bottom a link to 'Upload torrent' :
Click on this and you will see the following:
The process is reasonably straight forward. Before you progress much further make sure that the torrent you have created has the correct tracker information in it. When creating the torrent you should have used the information listed at the top of the upload page as the URL for the tracker ie. 'http://tpb.tracker.thepiratebay.org:80/announce'. Now click on the 'Browse...' button and browse to the torrent file on your computer. Next you can enter a name for the Torrent if it is different from the name of the torrent file you already have. You may wish to do this to make the listing of your torrent in The Pirate Bay tracker a little more reader-friendly (give it a nicer name if it is called something like 'track3.mp3.torrent). Next choose the category from the drop down box. Make sure it is an accurate categorisation of the genre of your file. Lastly, you can enter more information about the file you are uploading so those searching for files can read what the content of your file actually is through The Pirate Bay search results. Next enter the letters you see in the image in the box named 'Enter the code from image:', and make sure you use the right capitalisation. Here is an example of a torrent I am about to upload:
Then press 'Upload'. You should see a page like this:
What you see on your page is exactly what people will see when they what to read about your torrent and download it.
You must now use a BitTorrent client to seed the file. This means that you make the file you wish to distribute available through your computer. When people download it they will download the file directly from your computer, then when others have downloaded the entire file then they may also become seeds. Whatever you do...don't move the file you are sharing until other people have seeded the file. If you move it from the directory you entered in the 'upload' window (shown above) BitTorrent will no longer be able to find it.
GlossaryBitTorrentBitTorrent is a technology that enables the sharing of files through the internet. It does this through a process called 'peer to peer' (also written as P2P). Normally with P2P a file is downloaded from another computer on the net using softwares like Limewire, Gnutella, Azureus, Napster and eDonkey. This system is very effective for sharing files between computers and many P2P networks are established for swapping media files (mainly music and movies).
However problems arise when downloading a file if the person offering the file turns off their computer or disconnects from the internet. BitTorrent is a P2P technology that overcomes exactly this problem. When you download a file using Glossary.BitTorrent you download small parts of the same file from multiple computers. This means that if one person offering the file disappears from the net you can the same file from others still online. JavaComputer programs are made by writing instructions that your computer understands. The language the instructions are written in is known as a 'programming language'. There are many programming languages and each has different strengths and weaknesses. Generally speaking, when a programmer writes a program they choose a language that is best suited to the task. Java is a programming language. It aims to be a computer language that can be used to create programs on any operating system. This means that in theory a program written in Java will work on Linux, OSX, or Windows. However to run a Java program you need to have software installed. This is known as the 'Java Virtual Machine' (http://www.java.com/en/download/index.jsp and http://www.java.com/en/download/manual.jsp). Java has two other uses that are gaining popularity. Java is used a lot for creating programs for mobile devices (mobile phones and handheld computers) and it is also used for programs that can run through your browser. Programs that run through your browser are known as 'applets'. | |
